What is the role of hyaluronic acid (HA) in cancer prevention and cancer growth?

Some studies in cancer research show that specific cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, use hyaluronic acid as food. Pancreatic cancer cells feed on hyaluronic acid to fuel their growth and survival (R). However, this is not very surprising. Malignant cells use a lot of substances present in the body or in our food to grow, scavenging nutrients from the tumor microenvironment. For example, protein/amino acids could potentially make cancer cells grow faster (especially glutamate), as do B vitamins (especially folate), iron, antioxidants, and sugar/carbs (cancer cells are very dependent on sugar because of the Warburg effect). Hyaluronic acid interacts with CD44 receptors and is associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs), playing a role in the maintenance of CSCs in various types of cancer (R).

This doesn’t automatically mean that taking hyaluronic acid (HA) increases the risk or spread of cancer. In fact, in many ways hyaluronic acid could reduce the risk and spread of cancer. HA is part of the extracellular matrix (ECM) which embeds and glues cells together. For cancer to grow and spread (metastasize), it needs to break free from the surrounding HA as much as possible. We see that a strong ECM can protect against cancer, or reduce the spread of cancer cells. For example, one of the reasons why naked mole rats have little cancer is that they have lots of strong HA. See for example this study: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-16050-w

Studies also show that upregulating the production of HA increases lifespan (R) and that providing organisms with HA in their food also extends lifespan (R). It's not surprising that HA is involved in cancer, but in an unexpected way: cancer tries to break down HA to grow and spread (metastasize). This explains why elevated levels of HA in the blood are associated with more aggressive cancer, as tumors break down HA, and the fragments of HA end up in the blood..

The U-M Pediatric Brain Tumor Initiative has provided funding to support research in this field, highlighting the importance of understanding HA's role in cancer.

On the other hand, tumor cells often secrete their own HA, to further grow and make the tumor more impenetrable to immune cells. Pancreatic tumors, in particular, consume hyaluronic acid as food, just like many other substances in our body, contributing to tumor growth. However, to prevent or reduce the risk of cancer, HA could actually play an important role, as studies had demonstrated.

Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Pancreatic cancer cells have a particular affinity for HA. These cells not only utilize HA as a nutrient but also produce it to enhance their growth (R). The HA produced by pancreatic cancer cells contributes to the creation of a dense and supportive tumor microenvironment. This environment becomes more resistant to immune cell infiltration, allowing the tumor to evade the body's natural defenses.

Research has shown that pancreatic tumors are especially adept at consuming HA, further fueling their growth (R). This ability to exploit HA distinguishes pancreatic cancer cells from those of other cancers, highlighting the importance of HA in the progression of this disease.

Pancreatic Tumors

Pancreatic tumors demonstrate a complex relationship with HA. They secrete HA to fortify the tumor mass, creating a barrier that protects against immune cells. This secretion not only supports tumor growth but also complicates treatment efforts, as the dense HA-rich matrix can impede the delivery of therapeutic agents.

Conversely, HA also plays a role in cancer prevention. A robust extracellular matrix, rich in HA, can inhibit cancer cell movement and metastasis. This paradoxical role of HA—both as a promoter of tumor growth and a potential barrier against metastasis—underscores the need for a nuanced understanding of its functions.

The ongoing research, supported by initiatives like the U-M Pediatric Brain Tumor Initiative, continues to shed light on these dynamics, offering hope for more effective cancer treatments.

Is hyaluronic acid food for cancer cells?

Yes, HA can serve as a nutrient for cancer cells. Research indicates that certain cancer cells, including those in pancreatic cancer, utilize HA from the extracellular matrix to support their growth and survival . Cancer cells interact with HA through CD44 receptors, which play a role in maintaining cancer stem cells.

Is hyaluronic acid safe?

Generally, hyaluronic acid is considered safe for most people. It is widely used in skincare products and medical treatments, such as injections for joint pain. According to the Mayo Clinic, HA is well-tolerated, and side effects are rare when used topically or through injections. However, individual reactions can vary, and it is advisable to consult a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement or treatment.

What are the long-term effects of using hyaluronic acid?

The long-term effects of hyaluronic acid use are generally positive, particularly in skincare and joint health. Studies have shown that HA can improve skin hydration and reduce wrinkles over time. In joint health, HA injections can provide lasting relief from osteoarthritis symptoms. However, more research is needed to fully understand the long-term systemic effects of oral HA supplements.

Is it OK to use hyaluronic acid every day?

Yes, using hyaluronic acid every day is generally safe, especially in skincare products. Daily use can help maintain skin hydration and elasticity. According to dermatological guidelines, HA is a non-irritating ingredient suitable for all skin types and can be used regularly without significant adverse effects.

Is hyaluronic acid safe for breast cancer survivors?

Hyaluronic acid is considered safe for breast cancer survivors, particularly when used topically. There is no evidence to suggest that topical HA poses a risk of cancer recurrence. However, as with any supplement or treatment, it is crucial for breast cancer survivors to consult their healthcare provider before starting any new regimen.

Is sodium hyaluronate carcinogenic?

There is no evidence to suggest that sodium hyaluronate, a form of hyaluronic acid, is carcinogenic. Sodium hyaluronate is commonly used in medical and cosmetic products due to its hydrating properties and is considered safe for use. Regulatory agencies, such as the FDA, have approved its use in various applications, indicating its safety.

Who should not take hyaluronic acid supplements?

People with certain allergies or sensitivities should avoid hyaluronic acid supplements. Those with a history of severe allergic reactions to HA or its components should be cautious. Additionally, pregnant or breastfeeding women should consult their healthcare provider before taking HA supplements. It is also advisable for individuals with autoimmune conditions to seek medical advice before using HA supplements.

Does hyaluronic acid affect the pancreas?

Hyaluronic acid does have implications for the pancreas, particularly in the context of pancreatic cancer. Although pancreatic cancer cells can use HA as a nutrient, aiding in their growth and survival, there is no evidence to suggest that HA adversely affects pancreatic function in healthy individuals.

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Aug 9, 2024